The list is a data structure that is used to store multiple values linearly. However, there exist two-dimensional data. A multi-dimensional data structure is needed to keep such type of data. In Python, a two-dimensional list is an important data structure. It is essential to learn the working of Python 1D list efficiently to work […]

Alembic Alembic is a lightweight database migration tool for SQLAlchemy. It is created by the author of SQLAlchemy and it has become the de-facto standard tool to perform migrations on SQLAlchemy backed databases. Database Migration in SQLAlchemy A database migration usually changes the schema of a database, such as adding a column or a constraint, […]

Overview In the previous article SQLAlchemy Expression Language, Advanced Usage, we learned the power of SQLAlchemy’s expression language through a three table database including User, ShoppingCart, and Product. In this article, we are going to review the concept of materialised path in SQLAlchemy and use it to implement product containing relationships, where certain products may […]

Expression Language One of the core components of SQLAlchemy is the Expression Language. It is allows the programmer to specify SQL statements in Python constructs and use the constructs directly in more complex queries. Since the expression language is backend-neutral and comprehensively covers every aspect of raw SQL, it is closer to raw SQL than […]

What are SQLAlchemy Sessions? What does the Session do? One of the core concepts in SQLAlchemy is the Session. A Session establishes and maintains all conversations between your program and the databases. It represents an intermediary zone for all the Python model objects you have loaded in it. It is one of the entry points […]

Association Tables In our previous articles, we used an association table to model many-to-many relationships between tables, such as the relationship between Department and Employee. In this article, we are going to dive deeper into the association table concept and see how we can use it to further solve more complicated problems. DepartmentEmployeeLink and Extra […]

ORM Recap In one of the previous articles, we briefly went through an example database with two tables department and employee where one department can have multiple employees and one employee can belong to arbitrary number of departments. We used several code snippets to demonstrate the power of SQLAlchemy’s expression language and show how to […]

Common Questions Before we dive deeper into SQLAlchemy, let’s answer a possible list of questions regarding the ORM: Can you prevent SQLAlchemy from automatically creating a schema? Instead, can you bind SQLAlchemy models to an existing schema? Is there a performance overhead when using SQLAlchemy, compared to writing raw SQL? If so, how much? If […]

Python’s SQLAlchemy and Object-Relational Mapping A common task when programming any web service is the construction of a solid database backend. In the past, programmers would write raw SQL statements, pass them to the database engine and parse the returned results as a normal array of records. Nowadays, programmers can write Object-relational mapping (ORM) programs […]

In the previous article of the series Introductory Tutorial to Python’s SQLAlchemy, we learned how to write database code using SQLAlchemy’s declaratives. In this article, we are going to learn how to install SQLAlchemy on Linux, Mac OS X and Windows. Installing SQLAlchemy on Windows Before installing SQLAlchemy on Windows, you need to install Python […]